الأربعاء، 14 أغسطس 2013

Present perfect

   1- form:                   have / has + p.p.

  2- Key words
                      1- already-just
ونستخدمهم بعد have / has      
** I have just played football.
                                 آخر الجملة المنفية والسؤال 2- yet          
** I haven`t played football yet
** Have you played football yet?
فى السؤال ( بعد الفعل المساعد والفاعل )3- ever
** Have you ever gone to Paris?
بعد have / has  لنفى الجمله 4- never
** I have never gone to Paris.

بعدها نقطة زمنية 5- since
Yesterday / last / o`clock / 1999 / Monday / January/then/childhood/PAST SIMPLE
بعدها فترة زمنية 6- for
A second / a minute / an hour / a day / a night / a week / a month /     a year / an age / a fortnight / a century / a while / a season /             a long time /the last/       a moment
** I have lived in Alex since 1999.
** I have lived in Alex for ten years.
7- Lately=recently
** I have sent an e-mail to my friend recently.
8- So far=up till now
**So far I have bought a car.
** نفي هذا الزمن : نضع not   بعد have / has
** في السؤال : نقدم has / have   عن الفاعل
Notes:                                                                                                      
1-** I last ate fish when I was in Alex. (since)
** I haven`t eaten fish since I was in Alex.
2- Been / gone
** I have been to Cairo.
= I went to Cairo and came back again.
** I have gone to Cairo.
= I`m in Cairo now. I`m still in Cairo.

3- I arrived a moment ago.(just)
= I have just arrived.

4- It's still raining.(yet)
= It hasn't stopped raining yet.

The present perfect continuous:

Form:  Have been / has been + ing

Key words:
For / since / how long / still / all (day ---
e.g. 
1- I`ve been studying all day.
2- she`s been reading stories since the afternoon.

** يستخدم مع الأفعال التي تدل على الاستمرارية مثل :
Teach / learn / rain / cook / sleep / play / run / study / write / read / lie / sit / attend / wait / stay.
e.g.
I’ve been learning English for ten years.
لاحظ :-

1- استخدام ago / for  
** They started playing football two hours ago (for)                                             
** They have been playing football for two hours.

2- استخدام when / How long  
** When did she begin to read the book?
** How long has she been reading the book?






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